do a course什么意思（C COURSEWARE）

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导读：C COURSEWARE Lecture notes + integrated exercises, solutions and marking...

C COURSEWARE

Lecture notes + integrated exercises, solutions and marking

Contents

The Common Desktop Environment

The front panel

The file manager

The application manager

The session manager

Other CDE desktop tools

Application development tools

Application integration

Windows and the Window Manager

The Root Menu

Exercises

C/C++ Program Compilation

Creating, Compiling and

Running Your Program

Creating the program

Compilation

Running the program

The C Compilation Model

The Preprocessor

C Compiler

Assembler

Link Editor

Some Useful Compiler Options

Using Libraries

UNIX Library Functions

Finding Information about Library Functions

Lint -- A C program verifier

Exercises

C Basics

History of C

Characteristics of C

C Program Structure

Variables

Defining Global Variables

Printing Out and Inputting Variables

Constants

Arithmetic Operations

Comparison Operators

Logical Operators

Order of Precedence

Exercises

Conditionals

The if statement

The ? operator

The switch statement

Exercises

Looping and Iteration

The for statement

The while statement

The do-while statement

break and continue

Exercises

Arrays and Strings

Single and Multi-dimensional Arrays

Strings

Exercises

Functions

void functions

Functions and Arrays

Function Prototyping

Exercises

Further Data Types

Structures

Defining New Data Types

Unions

Coercion or Type-Casting

Enumerated Types

Static Variables

Exercises

Pointers

What is a Pointer?

Pointer and Functions

Pointers and Arrays

Arrays of Pointers

Multidimensional arrays and pointers

Static Initialisation of Pointer Arrays

Pointers and Structures

Common Pointer Pitfalls

Not assigning a pointer to memory address before using it

Illegal indirection

Exercise

Dynamic Memory Allocation and Dynamic Structures

Malloc, Sizeof, and Free

Calloc and Realloc

Linked Lists

Full Program: queue.c

Exercises

Advanced Pointer Topics

Pointers to Pointers

Command line input

Pointers to a Function

Exercises

Low Level Operators and Bit Fields

Bitwise Operators

Bit Fields

Bit Fields: Practical Example

A note of caution: Portability

Exercises

The C Preprocessor

#define

#undef

#include

#if -- Conditional inclusion

Preprocessor Compiler Control

Other Preprocessor Commands

Exercises

C, UNIX and Standard Libraries

Advantages of using UNIX with C

Using UNIX System Calls and Library Functions

Integer Functions, Random Number, String Conversion, Searching

and Sorting:

Arithmetic Functions

Random Numbers

String Conversion

Searching and Sorting

Exercises

Mathematics:

Math Functions

Math Constants

Input and Output (I/O):stdio.h

Reporting Errors

perror()

errno

exit()

Streams

Predefined Streams

Redirection

Basic I/O

Formatted I/O

Printf

scanf

Files

Reading and writing files

sprintf and sscanf

Stream Status Enquiries

Low Level I/O

Exercises

String Handling:

Basic String Handling Functions

String Searching

Character conversions and testing: ctype.h

Memory Operations:

Exercises

File Access and Directory System Calls

Directory handling functions:

Scanning and Sorting Directories:

File Manipulation Routines: unistd.h, sys/types.h, sys/stat.h

File Access

errno

File Status

File Manipulation:stdio.h, unistd.h

Creating Temporary FIles:

Exercises

Time Functions

Basic time functions

Example time applications

Example 1: Time (in seconds) to perform

some computation

Example 2: Set a random number seed

Exercises

Process Control: ,

Running UNIX Commands from C

execl()

fork()

wait()

exit()

Exerises

Interprocess Communication (IPC), Pipes

Piping in a C program:

popen() -- Formatted Piping

pipe() -- Low level Piping

Exercises

IPC:Interrupts and Signals:

Sending Signals -- kill(), raise()

Signal Handling -- signal()

sig_talk.c -- complete example program

Other signal functions

IPC:Message Queues:

Initialising the Message Queue

IPC Functions, Key Arguments, and Creation Flags:

Controlling message queues

Sending and Receiving Messages

POSIX Messages:

Example: Sending messages between two processes

message_send.c -- creating and sending to a simple

message queue

message_rec.c -- receiving the above message

Some further example message queue programs

msgget.c: Simple Program to illustrate msget()

msgctl.cSample Program to Illustrate msgctl()

msgop.c: Sample Program to Illustrate msgsnd() and

msgrcv()

Exercises

IPC:Semaphores

Initializing

a Semaphore Set

Controlling Semaphores

Semaphore Operations

POSIX Semaphores:

semaphore.c: Illustration of simple semaphore passing

Some further example semaphore programs

semget.c: Illustrate the semget() function

semctl.c: Illustrate the semctl() function

semop() Sample Program to Illustrate semop()

Exercises

IPC:Shared Memory

Accessing a Shared Memory Segment

Controlling a Shared Memory Segment

Attaching and Detaching a Shared Memory Segment

Example two processes comunicating via shared memory:

shm_server.c, shm_client.c

shm_server.c

shm_client.c

POSIX Shared Memory

Mapped memory

Address Spaces and Mapping

Coherence

Creating and Using Mappings

Other Memory Control Functions

Some further example shared memory programs

shmget.c:Sample Program to Illustrate shmget()

shmctl.c: Sample Program to Illustrate shmctl()

shmop.c: Sample Program to Illustrate shmat() and

shmdt()

Exercises

IPC:Sockets

Socket Creation and Naming

Connecting Stream Sockets

Stream Data Transfer and Closing

Datagram sockets

Socket Options

Example Socket Programs:socket_server.c,socket_client

socket_server.c

socket_client.c

Exercises

Threads: Basic Theory and Libraries

Processes and Threads

Benefits of Threads vs Processes

Multithreading vs. Single threading

Some Example applications of threads

Thread Levels

User-Level Threads (ULT)

Kernel-Level Threads (KLT)

Combined ULT/KLT Approaches

Threads libraries

The POSIX Threads Library:libpthread,

Creating a (Default) Thread

Wait for Thread Termination

A Simple Threads Example

Detaching a Thread

Create a Key for Thread-Specific Data

Delete the Thread-Specific Data Key

Set the Thread-Specific Data Key

Get the Thread-Specific Data Key

Global and Private Thread-Specific Data Example

Getting the Thread Identifiers

Comparing Thread IDs

Initializing Threads

Yield Thread Execution

Set the Thread Priority

Get the Thread Priority

Send a Signal to a Thread

Access the Signal Mask of the Calling Thread

Terminate a Thread

Solaris Threads:

Unique Solaris Threads Functions

Suspend Thread Execution

Continue a Suspended Thread

Set Thread Concurrency Level

Readers/Writer

Locks

Readers/Writer Lock Example

Similar Solaris Threads Functions

Create a Thread

Get the Thread Identifier

Yield Thread Execution

Signals and Solaris Threads

Terminating a Thread

Creating a Thread-Specific Data Key

Example Use of Thread Specific Data:Rethinking Global Variables

Compiling a Multithreaded Application

Preparing for Compilation

Debugging a Multithreaded Program

Further Threads Programming:Thread Attributes (POSIX)

Attributes

Initializing Thread Attributes

Destroying Thread Attributes

Threads Detach State

Threads Set Scope

Thread Scheduling Policy

Thread Inherited Scheduling Policy

Set Scheduling Parameters

Thread Stack Size

Building Your Own Thread Stack

Further Threads Programming:Synchronization

Mutual Exclusion Locks

Initializing a Mutex Attribute Object

Destroying a Mutex Attribute Object

The Scope of a Mutex

Initializing a Mutex

Locking a Mutex

Lock with a Nonblocking Mutex

Destroying a Mutex

Mutex Lock Code

Examples

Mutex Lock Example

Using Locking Hierarchies: Avoiding Deadlock

Nested Locking with a Singly Linked List

Solaris Mutex Locks

Condition Variable Attributes

Initializing a Condition Variable Attribute

Destoying a Condition Variable Attribute

The Scope of a Condition Variable

Initializing a Condition Variable

Block on a Condition Variable

Destroying a Condition Variable State

Solaris Condition Variables

Threads and Semaphores

POSIX Semaphores

Basic Solaris Semaphore Functions

Thread programming examples

Using thr_create() and thr_join()

Arrays

Deadlock

Signal Handler

Interprocess Synchronization

The Producer / Consumer Problem

A Socket Server

Using Many Threads

Real-time Thread Example

POSIX Cancellation

Software Race Condition

Tgrep: Threadeds version of UNIX grep

Multithreaded Quicksort

Remote Procedure Calls (RPC)

What Is RPC

How RPC Works

RPC Application Development

Defining the Protocol

Defining Client and Server Application Code

Compliling and running the application

Overview of Interface Routines

Simplified Level

Routine Function

Top Level

Routines

Intermediate Level Routines

Expert Level Routines

Bottom Level Routines

The Programmers Interface to RPC

Simplified Interface

Passing Arbitrary Data Types

Developing High Level RPC Applications

Defining the protocol

Sharing the data

The Server Side

The Client Side

Exercise

Protocol Compiling and Lower Level RPC Programming

What is rpcgen

An rpcgen Tutorial

Converting Local Procedures to Remote Procedures

Passing Complex Data Structures

Preprocessing Directives

cpp Directives

Compile-Time Flags

Client and Server Templates

Example rpcgen compile options/templates